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Reports highlight value of Whānau Ora approach
Whānau Ora continues to show that devolving decisions and resources to communities and a flexible, holistic whānau-led approach is effective for solving complex problems and improving wellbeing.
Te Pūtahitanga o Te Waipounamu evaluation
A recently released evaluation of Te Pūtahitanga o Te Waipounamu by Ihi Research found both ‘tangible and intangible’ impacts.
Te Pūtahitanga o Te Waipounamu is the Whānau Ora commissioning agency for all of Te Waipounamu. It is a partnership between 8 Iwi of Te Waipounamu (Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō, Ngāti Tama, Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti Koata, Te Āti Awa, Ngāti Toa Rangatira, Rangitāne and Ngāti Rārua).
The evaluation looked at Wave 16 of Te Pūtahitanga commissioning, from August 2022 to August 2023, to determine return on investment, as well as impact on whānau. The report, Evaluation of Wave 16 Kaupapa Initiatives for Te Pūtahitanga o Te Waipounamu (2023), notes that more traditional government initiatives that focus on service provision tend to have little impact, whereas investments focused on developing capability, such as Whānau Ora, have more potential for impact.
Government funding for Wave 16 was approximately $3 million. The narrowest estimate of value from that investment was $4 million, based on a fraction of the initiatives funded. Real value could be up to $444 million. Interviews with whānau and kaupapa entities showed “...how a small investment in whānau capability has ‘turned the dial’ for many whānau from state dependency and/or subsistence living towards financial independence and wealth creation” and how “...initiatives have contributed to cohesive, resilient, and nurturing whānau relationships.”
The evaluation also found:
“Whānau speak of improved whānau dynamics, improved standards of living, financial independence, extended whānau and community networks, being able to engage and positively contribute to broader civic matters (e.g., COVID-19, sports and recreation, community health), and strengthened relationships and new networks with increased opportunities as a result.”
Despite this, the report notes that "Whānau Ora receives a fraction of government spending when compared to other government agencies, despite the failure of these agencies to positively impact the lives of whānau.”
The report recommends expanding government investment in the commissioning approach of Te Pūtahitanga o Te Waipounamu, and investing in longitudinal research to show the intergenerational impacts of the approach.
Ngā Tini Whetū
The findings and recommendations above are also consistent with the report, E Tipu, E Rea – Ngā Tini Whetū – The Collateral Change For Reducing Child Poverty 2022. The report outlines the experience of the Ngā Tini Whetū pilot undertaken by the Whānau Ora Commissioning Agency, and jointly funded by ACC, Oranga Tamariki, Te Puni Kōkiri and the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet.
Ngā Tini Whetū is a whānau centred, locally-led, and ground up approach to tamariki wellbeing. It is significant as a step towards devolving resources to communities. It was piloted in 7 regions of Te Ika-a-Māui in 2019. As a result of the pilot, the report found improvements in whānau housing, transport, business development, employment and education, and debt reduction and financial resilience. The report shows:
“Ngā Tini Whetū provides a model for how resources can be devolved to kaupapa Māori, wraparound and whānau-centered approaches in order to address child poverty and improve wellbeing outcomes.”
The pilot identified 6 ‘key levers of change’ in the success of the approach for reducing child poverty and improving wellbeing for whānau and tamariki:
- Cross-sectoral approaches—collaboration between agencies meant they could pool resources and expertise.
- Holistic, wrap-around support for whānau—support was tailored to each whānau’s needs and aspirations.
- Whakawhanaungatanga—focusing on relationships with whānau, culturally-appropriate support, and a strength-based approach built trust and confidence with whānau.
- Whakapapa and identity—whānau could reconnect with their culture and heritage, which led to improved wellbeing.
- Being trauma-informed and healing focused—support took into account prior experiences of trauma and worked to address these issues.
- Direct funding—Te Kete Oranga provided direct funding to whānau, which meant they could access services and support when they needed it.
The report found:
“Over the past two years, Ngā Tini Whetū has shown the value of a cross-sectoral approach and a high-trust model where responsibility for funding decisions lies with communities. It serves as a blueprint for a new way of building relationships and reporting outcomes between government agencies and the communities they are supposed to serve. Ngā Tini Whetū is unique in that it recognises that ultimately, the solutions for change must come from within whānau and the community, not from government agencies or outside organisations. Whānau are best placed to identify their own aspirations and goals, and Ngā Tini Whetū is committed to supporting them on this journey.”
The report outlines a number of recommendations, including:
“...prioritising the devolution of resources to kaupapa Māori, wraparound and whānau-centered approaches and kaupapa at the community and whānau-level, utilising Ngā Tini Whetū as a blueprint for how this can take place.”
“...workforce development, including more funding and training for Whānau Ora Navigators (Kaiārahi).”
“..more research to be undertaken on the impact of Ngā Tini Whetū. This should include resourcing the development of a kaupapa Māori evidence base that captures the impact of Ngā Tini Whetū on whānau and their tamariki.”
For more information about Ngā Tini Whetū see the related reports: Ngā Tini Whetū – The Blueprint for System Change (2022) from the Whānau Ora commissioning agency and Ngā Tini Whetū | Lessons Learnt (2021) by Aiko Consultants. Also see the related media below.
Related news
Previous reports from the Family Violence Death Review Committee and Auditor-General both found that the public sector is struggling to design and work in ways that support whānau aspirations and needs and that are consistent with the aims of Whānau Ora.
The Family Violence Death Review Committee’s 8th report highlights Ngā Tini Whetū as an example of whānau-led decision-making, but also discusses infrastructure challenges to collaboration that hold back such prototypes from progressing to a business-as-usual approach.
The Auditor-General's report, How well public organisations are supporting Whānau Ora and whānau-centred approaches, highlighted limited progress towards supporting Whānau Ora (the funding programme under Te Puni Kōkiri) and whānau-centred approaches, despite several reports finding that Whānau Ora is successful for many whānau. For more information see the article State organisations fail Whānau Ora - Auditor General from Te Ao Māori news and the article Public sector slated for slow adoption of whanau ora from Waatea News.
Related media
Whānau Ora delivers $2.40 for every $1 invested, Te Ao Māori news, 28.07.2024
Whānau Ora adored, Waatea News, 24.11.2023
Whānau ora a tikanga, not a kaupapa, Waatea News, 22.11.2023
Data driving case for Whānau Ora, Waatea News, 22.11.2023
It’s back to the the future for our youngest MP Hana-Rawhiti Maipi-Clarke, NZ Herald, 22.11.2023
Whānau Ora to give new govt ‘hope’ in social return, Te Karere TVNZ, 21.11.2023
Whānau Ora delivering on investment, Waatea News, 25.09.2023
Whānau Ora investment in South Island Māori more than doubles cost-benefit, Stuff, 22.09.2023
$2.7m investment in Māori businesses pays off, Te Ao Māori News, 22.09.2023 (also see the interview with Tā Mark Solomon from Te Ao Māori news on Te Ao Tapatahi)
Whānau Ora investment in South Island Māori more than doubles cost-benefit, Stuff, 22.09.2023
'We can achieve wonderful things' - Reducing child poverty for Māori whānau, RNZ, 14.05.2023
Ngā Tini Whetū pilot proves worth, Waatea News, 12.05.2023
Merepeka Raukawa-Tait | Chair for the Whanau Ora Commissioning Agency, Waatea News, 12.05.2023
Report finds Whānau Ora model is changing whānau lives for the better, Te Ao Māori News, 11.05.2023
Report a blueprint to reduce child poverty, Waatea News, 11.05.2023 (also see the Waatea interview with Minister Peeni Henare)
Tini Whetu a Ministry Collaboration Proves Successful, Te Hiku Media [in Te Reo Māori], 11.05.2023

New research looks at Rainbow elders' experiences
Hohou te Rongo Kahukura – Outing Violence and Rainbow Hub Waikato spoke with and listened to Takatāpui and Rainbow elders through a combination of focus groups, interviews and an online survey.
The recommendations from the research are outlined in 3 brief factsheets for:
- Takatāpui and Rainbow community groups
- central and local government, funders, and policy makers
- older persons, family and whānau services meeting the needs of older people.
The research project had 2 goals:
"...to advocate for meaningful inclusion of the needs of Takatāpui and Rainbow older people in strategies, policies and services for older people in Aotearoa, and identify any specific risks of elder abuse, neglect and exploitation."
The findings and insights from Takatāpui and Rainbow elders are shared in 16 podcasts, a report and 3 factsheets.
The podcasts share brief snippets of recordings from the interviews with Takatāpui and Rainbow elders, grouped around specific themes. For example you can listen to Takatāpui and Rainbow elders talking about their experiences of:
- Family — sources of joy
- Family — sources of pain
- Belonging, acceptance and surviving discrimination
- Community hopes and dreams, and much more.
Interview participants included people with a range of gender and sexual identity, a range of ages between 54 and 79 years, with and without disabilities, and who identified as Māori, Pasifika and pākehā.
The report, Uplifting Takatāpui and Rainbow Elder Voices: Tukua kia tū takitahi ngā whetū o te rangi (2023), gives an overview of the context, project and approach. It also shares findings from the survey, focus groups and interviews.
More than 400 people over age 55 completed the online survey, representing a range of Takatāpui and Rainbow identities and including Māori, Pasifika, Pākehā and other ethnic identities. Chapters 4-9 in the report group together findings around the following themes:
- Social connections vs isolation
- Mistreatment, discrimination and their impacts
- Community groups and services for older people
- Families and whānau
- Safety with partners and caregivers
- Ageing – hopes, plans and fears.
Throughout the report, the need for more opportunities for social connection was a consistent and key message. The survey findings highlighted how many Takatāpui and Rainbow elders struggled to balance safety and isolation due to the impacts of multiple and compounding forms of mistreatment and discrimination from racism, heterosexism and colonisation; state violence; and abuse, exclusion, denial and violence from family members.
The survey found that respondents experienced a range of negative behaviours from family members because of their sexuality or gender. For example, 31% had family members stop speaking to them for a long time or end their relationship and 23% had family members refuse to believe their identity. Different groups of Takatāpui and Rainbow elders reported different experiences of both negative and positives experiences. For example, trans and non-binary elders reported the highest rates for most negative behaviours in families with 62% of trans and non-binary elders having had family members stop speaking to them or end their relationship, and 47% having not been believed about their identity.
While most respondents had told some but not all family members, 9% said no one in their family knew. Again, there were differences between groups. For example bisexual elders were the most likely to have not told anyone (23%) and least likely to be out to everyone in their family (34%).
The report highlights that this context means:
"...many Takatāpui and Rainbow elders are isolated, less resourced and more vulnerable to potential elder abuse – both inside families, and because they are more reliant on other social support systems, which may not always be safe and welcoming..."
It also went on to say:
"Families are important sites of belonging for most people, but for Māori, Pasifika and other ethnic elders, families, whānau and wider communities are also protection against racism and white dominated systems in Aotearoa New Zealand. Māori, Pasifika and other ethnic participants reported higher rates than all participants for every negative behaviour, including 41% who had family members stop speaking to them or end their relationship, and nearly one third (30%) who had not been believed about their identity inside their family. The combination of racism and these high rates of disconnection from family and/or whānau exacerbate risks of isolation and minimise access to support and help that families can provide when needed."
However, the research also documented many elders experience of support from family members. Most respondents reported supportive behaviours from at least some family members. Of these behaviours, the least common was a family member doing research to learn how to support the elder, with just 39% reporting this. The report notes that:
"Participants who talked about being well supported by their families often enthusiastically mentioned love and care from multiple generations in their family and whānau."
In addition, 90% of respondents said they had people “like family” in their lives, and 65% said these people were as important to them as the family they grew up in.
The survey included questions about abusive behaviours from caregivers and partners. Only 7 people (2%) said they had concerns about their partner or caregiver. The report highlights that it can be very difficult for Takatāpui and Rainbow people to ask for help when abusive or coercive behaviours are taking place from an intimate partner:
"Because intimate partners may provide significant support to people in Takatāpui and Rainbow communities, especially when there is less access to support from families and whānau and in the context of wider discrimination."
Previous research indicates Takatāpui and Rainbow people are likely to experience higher rates of intimate partner violence, and also experience significantly more barriers to seeking help or disclosing. None of the 7 elders who had concerns about their partner or caregiver had approached a specialist agency responding to elder abuse or family or sexual violence.
The project held 6 focus groups to invite feedback from Takatāpui, Rainbow Pasifika and ethnic elders and Māori, Pasifika and ethnic service providers. Chapter 3 of the report highlights key findings from the focus groups. The focus groups talked about the impacts of racism and colonisation. They raised experiences and concerns around isolation, loneliness and exclusion, often in spaces or places that were not informed, understanding or respectful of their culture and values. The authors highlighted that "...for all Takatāpui and Rainbow focus group members, connections between older and younger generations were vitally important." The focus groups talked about challenges noting the lack of services specific to their needs, and the need for funding and research to support the development of culturally specific services.
Both elders and service providers identified many suggestions. For example feedback from the Takatāpui group included:
"Whānau need safe spaces to learn about Takatāpuitanga so that they can apply it to their own home and uphold tikanga and kawa. Wānanga about the whakapapa of Takatāpuitanga, the whakapapa of Kahukura will make these words and concepts more accessible to whānau."
Feedback from the Pasifika Rainbow group identified:
"Pasifika Rainbow+ elders need all elder spaces to be safe and appropriate for Pasifika, and safe and appropriate for Rainbow+ people."
The ethnic Rainbow focus group identified gaps between young and older Rainbow people, and lack of visibility of Rainbow elders. They identified a need for resources to help people learn and safe places for family to get support, and:
"We all need community and representation as human beings, and ethnic rainbow elders need more places to find community. Focus group participants were not aware of any elder ethnic queer groups or services in New Zealand, and they believed there was a need for more rainbow support services that are community-led and rainbow-centred. For most ethnic rainbow elders, when their partners leave them or die the whole world collapses."
In addition to the many focus group suggestions, Chapter 9 of the report explores Rainbow elders hopes, worries and plans for the future.
Drawing on the interviews, focus groups and survey, the report outlines recommendations for central and local government, services for older people, family and whanāu, and Takatāpui and Rainbow community groups (see pages 6-8).
In the latest EANP (Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention services) Connects newsletter, Hanny Naus, of Age Concern New Zealand, said:
"The report includes recommendations for all of us involved in services for older people. Their suggestions encourage our thinking and our actions..."
Related Aotearoa News
Age Concern New Zealand and Ministry of Social Development (MSD) are working together on a project to strengthen workforce capabilities across Elder Abuse Response Services. The work will explore development of resources, tools and guidance for training that align with Te Aorerekura’s Family Violence Entry to Expert Capability Framework. The MSD September 2023 Family Violence and Sexual Violence Update said the project will focus on 3 areas:
- "Developing a framework for consent in relation to elder abuse services
- Guidance on best practice for how elder abuse services relate to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and specialist family violence organisations
- An assessment of where the Elder Abuse Response Services (EARS) frontline teams sit in relation to the E2E capability framework."
In recognition of the International Day of Older Persons, Karen Billings-Jensen, Chief Executive of Age Concern New Zealand said "The UN's focus on fulfilling the promises of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Older Persons is a crucial reminder that older people have the right to make their own choices and live with dignity and respect."
Related international news
Update: The Goverment of Western Australia published 2 research reports related to abuse of older people: Everyone’s business: Research into responses to the abuse of older people (elder abuse) in Western Australia Report (2023) and Research into the mistreatment of older Aboriginal Australians (2022). The reports were commissioned as an initiative of the Western Australia Strategy to Respond to the Abuse of Older People (Elder Abuse) 2019-2029. Resources to support awareness and understanding were also published.
Following the United Nations (UN) International Day of Older Persons on 1 October, UN experts issued an official joint statement highlighting the human rights challenges faced by older Rainbow people, and called on countries to design and implement measures to address violence and discrimination. They said "When persons find themselves at the intersection of older age and being LGBT, they face a compounded situation that leads to an increased risk of heightened discrimination, social exclusion, and violence." The Statement outlines 9 recommendations for UN Member States that address structural ageism; public policy including anti-discrimination legislation that explicitly includes age, sexual orientation, and gender identity; awareness programmes; accessibility; training; specialised services; data collection and engagement with organisations to ensure the meaningful participation of older persons and LGBT persons in development and implementation of policies and programs.
UN experts also issued the following related statements:
- UN experts issue guidance in relation to LGBT persons living with disabilities (October 2023)
- UN expert calls for scrapping of colonial laws and policies that marginalise LGBT persons (October 2023).
Also in October, at the 54th session of the UN Human Rights Council, a Human rights of older persons resolution (A/HRC/54/L.20) was adopted which focused on addressing violence and abuse of older people.
In August 2023, the UN Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons, Claudia Mahler, released her Report on violence, abuse and neglect of older persons (A/HRC/54/26). The report provides an international overview of abuse of older people including definition and types of violence, drivers of abuse and violence including ageism, legal and policy frameworks, data, prevention, responses and services, and access to justice. The report concludes with recommendations for States, researchers, non-government organisations and independent monitoring bodies. In launching the report, Mahler said "Combatting abuse in old age is not a priority at national, regional or global levels." She also said "Ageism plays a significant role and risk factor in the prevalence of abuse on older persons." The Family Violence Death Review Committee published their Input for the report of the Independent Expert on the enjoyment of all human rights by older persons (2023).
In July 2023, the UN Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal Borloz, released the report Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity (A/78/227). It looks at the impact of colonialism in violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, and how this relates to human rights. The report includes 12 recommendations for UN Member States. An easy to read version of the report is also available.
WHO developed a new guide to support intergenerational practice to promote interaction among people of different ages. The guide, Connecting generations: planning and implementing interventions for intergenerational contact (2023), was developed for the Global Campaign to Combat Ageism.
WHO is calling for an intervention accelerator to help identify promising interventions to address abuse of older people in community and institution settings. Learn more in the article, High time for an intervention accelerator to prevent abuse of older people (2022).
Related media
Fighting for a more visible Pacific Rainbow community, E-Tangata, 17.12.2023
Manalagi, Mariah — and a Pacific queer story, E-Tangata, 10.12.2023
Elder Abuse w/ Hanny Naus: November 29th, 2023, 95bFM, 29.11.2023
25 years of empowering kaumātua: Rauawaawa celebrates silver jubilee, Te Ao Māori News, 06.11.2023

Te Tari Taaki | Inland Review has published a policy framework and guidance for handling personal debt that is owed to the government. The document, A framework for debt to government: Guidelines for agencies managing personal debt owed to government (2023), was designed to help government agencies to design, implement and evaluate policy and operational processes related to the creation, collection or write-off of personal debt owed to government. The purpose of the framework is to address problem debt and the lack of consistency among government agencies in managing this type of debt.
The framework and guidance includes consideration of family violence and economic abuse under Part 3: The person-centred approach. This section of the framework outlines how agencies can collectively take into account an individual’s personal circumstances and their ability to repay the debt.
Paragraph 4.5 recommends how agencies can take a person-centred approach. It includes the recommendation that agencies:
"e) Have policies in place around when to refer debtors to financial capability support services or other services (including, where relevant, advocacy and dispute resolution services or specialist services that can support safety and wellbeing for victims of abuse)." (page 14)
Under assessing hardship, paragraph 4.8 outlines the factors that should be considered. This includes:
"Is the debt caused by a partner, ex-partner, family member or caregiver who has coercive control over the person’s finances? Is the person able to make independent and autonomous decisions about their finances? Is the debt adding to entrapment for someone experiencing family violence or abuse?" (page 15)
In relation to understanding the needs of groups most affected by debt, paragraph 4.32 states:
"Debt may sometimes be the result of economic harm. Agencies should ensure that they:
• Understand the signs of family violence and know how to support customers, including a referral system to expert support services,
• Avoid requiring evidence of family violence, and avoid requiring repeat disclosure of circumstances,
• Have a policy on allocation of debt in cases of family violence, and
• Have effective processes in place to protect information, including between account holders if necessary." (page 18)
The framework was developed by Inland Revenue, the Ministry of Social Development, the Ministry of Justice, and the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The work responds to recommendations from the Welfare Expert Advisory and Tax Working Groups to consider an all-of-government approach to prevent and manage personal debt owed to government agencies.
According to the Cabinet papers for the Policy framework for Debt to Government, the Cabinet Social Wellbeing Committee agreed to adopt the framework as a Cabinet policy tool and also agreed that "...policy papers submitted to Cabinet will include a discussion on whether the proposal is consistent with the principles and guidance in the framework" (see SWC-23-MIN-0092). The Committee also invited the joint Ministers involved with this work programme to report back to Cabinet in July 2024 on initial assessments of the framework, review of agencies' existing debt policies and operations against the framework, and advice on future reporting and evaluation. The Cabinet paper (SWC-23-SUB-0092) also highlighted:
"In terms of driving change, the framework can only be effective to the extent that Ministers choose to give effect to its principles in Cabinet decisions. The framework is forward-looking: there will be no application of the framework to existing policies, except insofar as Ministers agree to do this on a case-by-case basis."
The framework is included on the webpage for Cabinet paper consultation with departments under Consultation on other cross-government issues.
For more information see:
- National Collective of Independent Women's Refuges Inc. submission on the Draft Framework for Debt to Government (see other submissions)
- research reports on debt to government from the Social Wellbeing agency
- initial Reducing impact of debt to government Cabinet papers.
Also see related media below.
Related research on economic abuse
A recent report from Good Shepherd highlights experiences of economic abuse and systemic challenges experienced by victims. The report, Economic Harm Support Service Pilot Evaluation (2023) draws on an evaluation of a 12 month pilot of Good Shepherd NZ's Economic Harm Support Service. The report outlines experiences of economic abuse including: safety risks due to lack of financial resources or practices and policies that force victims to interact or disclose information to perpetrators, joint debt and economic entanglement including post separation, coerced debt, debt by deception and manipulation, economic control and restriction, children used as a way to abuse and control that involves financial entanglement and debt, immigration status used as a tool to control and abuse, and housing including tenancy obligations.
The report outlines systemic issues that compound risks and challenges for victims. For example, government policies that disadvantage victims, such as income thresholds that prevent victims from accessing support or limits to financial support. The authors highlight that:
"Government agencies contribute to the debt burden of family violence victims by requiring repayment of financial support to extract themselves from violent relationships."
They also note that systems are manipulated by perpetrators to cause further harm. The report also examines the successes of and increasing demand for the Economic Harm Support Service. The report concludes with recommendations for government and policymakers, the financial and debt sector, and the Economic Harm Support Service. For more information see the Good Shepherd media release Report Reveals Cost Of Being A Victim Of Violence and related reports on the Good Shepherd service.
Population based studies have found that women's lifetime prevalence of economic intimate partner violence increased from 4.5% in 2003 to 8.9% in 2019 in Aotearoa New Zealand. The researchers write that the finding of increased economic abuse and controlling behaviours "...has relevance from a policy and practice perspective, as it indicates that controlling behaviours and economic abuse need their own recognition and response."
Researcher Ayesha Scott has interviewed women in Aotearoa New Zealand about their experiences of intimate partner violence economic abuse including Family Court proceedings. See the following articles for more information about the research:
- Hidden hurt: The impact of post-separation financial violence in Aotearoa New Zealand (2020)
- Chapter 12: Post-separation financial abuse, the money taboo and the family justice system: perspectives from Aotearoa New Zealand (2023) in the Research Handbook on Family Justice Systems
- Financial Abuse in a Banking Context: Why and How Financial Institutions can Respond (2023).
For more Aotearoa research on economic abuse see
- Economic abuse in New Zealand: towards an understanding and response (2018)
- Women's experiences of economic abuse in Aotearoa New Zealand (2017)
- "What's his is his and what's mine is his" : financial power and the economic abuse of women in Aotearoa (2017).
For more information including international research search our library by economic abuse and financial abuse, Good Shepherd's Economic Harm information and a video Introduction to Economic Abuse from the Australia-based Centre for Women's Economic Safety and Insight Exchange.
Update: Research from He Koiora Matapopore | the New Zealand Family Violence Study looked women's experiences of economic abuse. The researchers identified that about 15% or one in seven women who have been in a relationship have experienced economic abuse. Further, economic abuse compounds the impacts of other forms of intimate partner violence and pushes women into poverty. See the article Economic Abuse by An Intimate Partner and Its Associations with Women’s Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health (2024) by Brooklyn M. Mellar, Janet Lynn Fanslow, Pauline J. Gulliver and Tracey K. D. McIntosh. Also see related media below.
Related news
The UN Working Group on discrimination against women and girls published the report, Gendered inequalities of poverty: feminist and human rights-based approaches (A/HRC/53/39) in April 2023. The report states:
"43. Poverty and gender-based violence, including sexual violence and denials of bodily autonomy, therefore interact in a vicious, mutually reinforcing cycle. Women and girls facing sexual harassment at work, violence at home or violence on the streets are unable to participate on an equal basis in the labour market, and this in turn means that they are also discriminated against in connection with contributory social security benefits and are more likely to experience poverty, violence and homelessness in old age."
The report makes recommendations for government, corporations, and international and regional economic, financial and monetary institutions. Chair of the Working Group Dorothy Estrada-Tanck presented the report to the UN Human Rights Council, saying the "...report demonstrated that poverty and socioeconomic inequality were the result of blatant systemic failures leading to a vicious cycle of exclusion and discrimination" (English translation by UN).
The 68th session of the Commission on the Status of Women will take place in March 2024. The priority theme is "Accelerating the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls by addressing poverty and strengthening institutions and financing with a gender perspective." The review theme is "Social protection systems, access to public services and sustainable infrastructure for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls (agreed conclusions of the sixty-third session)."
The Mako Mama - Mangopare, the Single Parents Project report summarised findings from research on single parents involving focus groups and survey of 3,545 single parents. Of single mothers who responded to the survey, 67% had experienced violence and abuse from someone they were in an intimate relationship with. For 80% of these, the person from whom they experienced violence and abuse was the other parent of their child/children.
Related media
Old people financially abused as young ones run out of cash, Waikato Times, 25.03.2024
Opinion - Janet Fanslow: We need to speak up about economic violence, Newsroom, 21.03.2024
1 in 7 women experience economic abuse, study finds, RNZ, 06.03.2024
Economic abuse affecting around 15 percent of women in relationships, 05.03.2024
Westpac NZ steps up efforts to stop abusive payments, Westpac NZ Media release, 27.11.2023
The long-term impact of economic harm, Good Shepherd news, 20.11.2023
Using design to combat economic abuse, ANZ bluenotes [Australia], 18.10.2023
Poverty, patterns and politics, E-Tangata, 15.10.2023
Questions over effectiveness of child support system, RNZ, 12.10.2023
Tackling socioeconomic inequalities in Aotearoa, University of Auckland media release, 24.09.2023
Māori missing out on welfare entitlements, Waatea News, 23.08.2023
Debt grab hurting beneficiaries, Waatea News, 09.08.2023
Empowering women through social protection: UN rights office, UN News, 21.07.2023
Northlanders owe nearly $80m to Ministry of Social Development, NZ Herald, 27.06.2023
New research into single parents finds discrimination and stigma, RNZ, 02.05.2023
Researchers found sole parents treated with stigma by agencies, RNZ, 02.05.2023
'A bank account should be a human right' - Westpac, Stuff, 05.04.2023
Government's debt fairness plans revealed, One News, 03.03.2023

The findings from the He Waka Eke Noa project will be released in a series of free online webinars hosted by Tū Tama Wāhine o Taranaki in October and November 2023. He Waka Eke Noa is a comprehensive study of Māori understandings and experiences of violence. It includes the first national survey of Māori experiences of violence and pathways to intervene and prevent violence. Registration for the webinars is free.
The information from Tū Tama Wāhine o Taranaki describes the project:
“He Waka Eke Noa is a co-designed Kaupapa Māori project that is driven by Iwi and Māori social service provider aspirations to investigate the role of cultural frameworks in strengthening family and sexual violence prevention and intervention policies, practices and programmes.”
It also says:
“The project is grounded upon Kaupapa Māori theory and methodology and all components of the project are co-designed and co-produced whereby there is a strong commitment from all parties to ensure that tikanga, te reo, mātauranga Māori and whanaungatanga provide us with both cultural and ethical ways to progress this work to benefit whānau, hapū, iwi, urban Māori and Māori organisations.”
The webinars will take place over 3 Fridays, starting 27 October 2023, with 3 sessions each day. Findings will be presented by Professor Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Professor Leonie Pihama, Dr Cherryl Waerea-i-te-rangi Smith, Rihi Te Nana and Shirley Simmonds. Drawing on the research, the series highlights effective, evidence-based preventions and interventions for family and sexual violence, grounded in kaupapa Māori.
The webinars include the following sessions:
Friday 27 October 2023 – Contextualising and defining whānau violence
- 9 am–10.30 am He Waka Eke Noa – Introduction / Te Horopaki: Contexting Violence upon Māori and Indigenous Peoples – Professor Linda Tuhiwai Smith
- 12 pm–1.30 pm Defining Family Violence for Māori: Intersectionality and Violence – Professor Leonie Pihama
- 2.30 pm–4 pm Historical and Intergenerational Trauma: A Genealogy of Violence – Dr. Cherryl Waerea-i-te-rangi Smith
Friday 3 November 2023– Tikanga approaches to prevention and intervention
- 9 am–10.30 am Tikanga and Mātauranga Māori: Cultural Understandings and Healing – Rihi Te Nana
- 12 pm–1.30 pm Tikanga, Mātauranga and Healing Practices – Professor Leonie Pihama
- 2.30 pm–4 pm Rangatiratanga – Professor Linda Tuhiwai Smith
Friday 10 November 2023 – He Waka Eke Noa: Findings and meanings
- 9 am–10.30 am He Waka Eke Noa National Survey: Whānau Ora / Paeora – Shirley Simmonds
- 12 pm–1.30 pm He Waka Eke Noa National Survey: Mauri Ora / Waiora – Shirley Simmonds
- 2.30 pm–4 pm He Waka Eke Noa: Māori Cultural Frameworks for Violence Prevention and Intervention – Reflections from Kaupapa Māori Practitioners – Ngaropi Raumati and Billie-Jean Cassidy
Each session focuses on a chapter of the He Waka Eke Noa report. The report is due to be released in November 2023.
Register for free to attend any or all of the sessions. For questions about registration email sophie@aatea.co.nz.
Initial results from the project were previously presented at He Waka Eke Noa Conference in Christchurch in October 2022. Presenters at that hui explored questions including:
- How do Māori understand violence?
- What part do atua play in understanding violence?
- What does healing look like to Māori?
- How has the State failed whānau Māori?
- How do we create structural change?
Watch recordings from those presentations and previous webinars that shared early findings from the project. Also see early results in He Waka Eke Noa Survey: brief report of data on State violence.
He Waka Eke Noa is hosted by Tū Tama Wāhine o Taranaki. The project was developed in collaboration with Tū Tama Wāhine o Taranaki and Te Puna Oranga with funding from the Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment.
Related news
Te Pūkotahitanga, the Tangata Whenua Ministerial Advisory Group, is hosting the first National Wānanga specifically tailored for Māori working in family violence and sexual violence on 7 December 2023. The theme for the Wānanga is He whatumanawa ki tua. Te Pūkotahitanga's mission for the day is to exchange whakaaro on how to eliminate family violence and sexual violence through te ao Māori perspectives. Register for free by 22 November 2023.
Related media
Survey reveals widespread violence, Waatea News, 15.08.2023
Shirley Simmonds / He Waka Eke Noa National Survey, Waatea News, 14.08.2023
Indigenous knowledge for health and wellbeing, RNZ, 17.06.2023
Linda Tuhiwai Smith: Healing our trauma, E-Tangata, 20.03.2022
Information on how to make a complaint about Oranga Tamariki
The Ombudsman has created online information for children, young people and their family and whānau who are thinking about making a complaint about Oranga Tamariki or its care or custody providers. Find the information at nau-mai.nz.
It says that anyone can talk to the Ombudsman's office including children and young people, family members and caregivers, and other adults like teachers. You can talk to the Ombudsman's office about things like:
- How you are being treated
- Not being heard
- A decision being made that you don’t agree with
- Your pocket money or other allowances
- Experiences in care
- Contact with your family or friends
- Connecting with your culture
- Moving in or out of care
- Anything else.
There is information about what happens when you make a complaint, what happens if the Ombudsman investigates and how to contact the Ombudsman. It is free and confidential to contact the Ombudsman. You can call 0800 184 184 or email info@ombudsman.parliament.nz. Also see the Ombudsman's complaint process for children and young people, and for adults.
Children, young people and their families and whānau can also contact Mana Mokopuna – Children and Young People’s Commission or Aroturuki Tamariki | Independent Children’s Monitor for help with complaints. For more information see the guide to getting support and making a complaint in the oranga tamariki system. Children and young people in care can also contact, VOYCE – Whakarongo Mai, for help understanding their rights and expressing their views on any matter. This includes support to resolve issues or make a complaint.
Reports highlight issues in the Oranga Tamariki system
Ombudsman findings from complaints about Oranga Tamariki
In launching the information for children, Chief Ombudsman Peter Boshier said “Complaints have grown year on year... . In fact, more than 2,000 of them since 1 July 2019.”
The Chief Ombudsman recently published findings from a complaint from a 19 year old person who came into Oranga Tamariki’s care in 2004, at the age of 4 months. The complaint covered the person's entire time in care including experiences of harm in care, and how Oranga Tamariki had handled complaints of harm experienced by the young person. The Chief Ombudsman found that "Oranga Tamariki had not addressed the young person’s complaint in a reasonable timeframe, nor had it implemented or monitored all of the recommendations that stemmed from the Oranga Tamariki investigation." He recommended Oranga Tamariki provide an apology, financial remedy, and further therapeutic supports to the young person. See more Ombudsman outcomes of complaints related to children in care.
Report on Oranga Tamariki secure residences
The Oranga Tamariki secure residences and a sample of community homes: independent external review report was recently published in September 2023. The report identifies a number of issues, stating:
"...external pressures to fill beds that arise from the lack of placements, when combined with the lack of experienced and skilled staff who apply a consistent model of service delivery, means that time in residence is now being driven by the needs of the system and staff first, with the needs and experience of young people coming second."
The report outlines 8 areas of the residential operating model that require improvement. See the Oranga Tamariki response to the rapid review. The review was commissioned by former Police Commissioner Mike Bush at the request of the Oranga Tamariki Chief Executive, and undertaken by an independent team. The review was in response to allegations of inappropriate sexual behaviour by staff at Oranga Tamariki residences.
In announcing the report, Chappie Te Kani, Oranga Tamariki Chief Executive said "I accept the report and its findings in full." He also said a team and a report line had been set up to manage complaints, triage issues and get urgent work underway while the review took place. There have been 46 complaints or allegations involving Oranga Tamariki staff potentially causing harm to young people in care. The complaints ranged from inappropriate language, to more serious physical and sexual assaults. Of the 46 complaints, 28 were referred to Police for investigation. The remainder have been dealt with as employment matters. In addition, he stated that 22 kaimahi have been removed from Oranga Tamariki residences since 1 June 2023 and 3 staff members have been charged by Police for offences under the Crimes Act 1961. Te Kani further outlined leadership changes, the complaints process and actions to address health and safety. He also said:
"Most importantly, I want to acknowledge the rangatahi and tamariki who have been or continue to be cared for in our residences. You deserve the very best of our care and support.
The review reinforces the voices of many rangatahi who have called for change, who have asked to be understood in the context of their whakapapa and who have bravely shared their own experiences so that things can be different."
In response to the review, the Chief Children’s Commissioner Judge Frances Eivers said:
"The review outlines a vision where support and intervention matches the needs of each young person, with an emphasis on prevention, specialised care, therapeutic intervention, and whakapapa.
Mana Mokopuna supports that potential vision. This approach must be underpinned by strong partnerships with Māori, with community organisations, a strengthened workforce and adequate investment.
System change takes time. We see that some positive change is already underway, but this must be built on, with urgency."
See further commentary in the related media below. Find related Aotearoa New Zealand reports on secure residences in our library.
Aroturuki Tamariki | Independent Children’s Monitor's first thematic review report
Aroturuki Tamariki | Independent Children’s Monitor published a report looking at the experiences and practices for children and young people cared for at home while in State custody in August 2023. The report found that despite an increased focus by Oranga Tamariki on returning children and young people home, policies, practices and sufficient support are not yet in place. Read the full report, Returning Home From Care: An in-depth look at the experiences and practices surrounding tamariki and rangatahi cared for at home while in State custody (2023). Oranga Tamariki responded to the 6 issues identified in the report.
Background: Oranga Tamariki oversight and monitoring
Significant changes to Oranga Tamariki monitoring and oversight came into effect in mid-2023 as a result of the Oversight of Oranga Tamariki System Act 2022 and Children and Young People's Commission Act 2022.
Mana Mokopuna – Children and Young People’s Commission launched in July 2023 welcoming 6 new Children's Commissioners: Judge Frances Eivers is the Chief Children’s Commissioner and Chair of the board along with new Children's Commissioners Dr Claire Achmad, Donna Matahaere-Atariki, Dr Julie Wharewera-Mika, Josiah Tualamali’i and Ronelle Baker. Mana Mokopuna – the Children and Young People’s Commission is an independent advocate for all 1.2 million mokopuna aged under 18 in Aotearoa and care-experienced mokopuna aged up to 25. It replaces the Office of the Children’s Commissioner, previously established in 1989. Mana Mokopuna also monitors places where mokopuna are held in detention.
Aroturuki Tamariki | Independent Children’s Monitor continues to monitor the performance of the Oranga Tamariki system, including compliance, quality of practice and outcomes.
The Ombudsman handles complaints about Oranga Tamariki and its care or custody providers. The Ombudsman also investigates and monitors serious and significant issues.
For more information see the Cabinet papers on the Children and Young People’s Commission Organisational Model and the Cabinet papers that give effect to the oversight.
Related news - service for survivors of abuse in care
The Survivor Experiences Service started in July 2023. It provides a safe, supportive, confidential place for survivors of abuse in State, faith-based, or other forms of care to share their experiences. It is also open to hearing the experiences of whānau. Through the Abuse in Care Royal Commission of Inquiry, survivors expressed need for a service to share their experiences, between the closure of the Royal Commission and the time when a new redress system is established. The Survivor Experiences Service will run through to the introduction of the redress system, which is being led by the Crown Response to the Abuse in Care Inquiry.
Related media
New Chief Children's Commissioner: Claire Achmad, RNZ, 11.01.2023
Children's Commissioner on Oranga Tamariki report: 'They deserve to be safe', RNZ, 22.09.2023
Oranga Tamariki review: Agency refers 28 complaints over staff conduct to police, RNZ, 21.09.2023
Oranga Tamariki dumping kids back home, Waatea News, 10.08.2023 (listen to the full interview with Arran Jones on Waatea News)
Improvements urged for tamariki returning to parents while in state care - report, RNZ, 09.08.2023
Community visits to monitor welfare of children in care soon to begin, RNZ, 19.07.2023
Whakapapa connection trounces Oranga Tamariki lock-ups, Waatea News, 11.07.2023
Lady Tureiti Moxon: By Māori for Māori is the only solution for Māori, Te Ao Māori News, 08.07.2023
Punishment won’t fix OT woes, Waatea News, 06.07.2023
Urgent action needed to improve safety in justice facilities, union says, RNZ, 05.07.2023
Retribution call for rangatahi shows lack of compassion, Waatea News, 05.07.2023
Monitoring Oranga Tamariki big test of new office, RNZ, 04.07.2023
The last days of NZ's Children's Commissioner, RNZ, 24.06.2023
New monitor promises to be vigilant over Oranga Tamariki, RNZ, 23.06.2023
Commissioner calls for shut down of state youth facilities, RNZ, 22.06.2023
4th Gender Attitudes Survey
Gender Equal NZ, led by the National Council of Women of New Zealand – Te Kaunihera Wāhine o Aotearoa, published findings from the 4th Gender Attitudes Survey. The survey asks questions of the general public in Aotearoa New Zealand about their attitudes and beliefs, every 2 years.
While more people thought that gender equality had ‘for the most part been achieved’ (48% in 2023 compared to 40% in 2021 and 42% in 2019), the 4th survey also shows that rape myths and beliefs that condone violence and rigid stereotypes continue to persist.
For example:
- 30% of all respondents agreed that "Rape happens when a man's sex drive is out of control," compared to 27% in 2021 and 25% in 2019
- 33% of all respondents agreed that "False rape accusations are common," compared to 29% in 2021 and 34% in 2019
- 16% of all respondents agreed that "If someone is raped when they’re drunk, they’re at least partly responsible for what happens," compared to 16% in 2021 and 14% in 2019
- 11% of all respondents agreed that "You can’t really call it rape if someone doesn't physically fight back," compared to 10% in 2021 and 8% in 2019
- 13% of all respondents agreed that "hitting out is an understandable response for a man when his wife or girlfriend tries to end a relationship," compared to 17% in 2021 and 10% in 2019
- 25% of all respondents agreed that "A man who doesn’t fight back when he’s pushed around will lose respect as a man," compared to 27% in 2021 and 22% in 2019
- 14% of all respondents agreed that "Fathers should have more say than mothers in making family decisions," compared to 16% in 2021 and 11% in 2019.
Find more information about rape myths, see Victims Information on rape myths, a video and myths and facts from NZ Police, or search our library.
The survey included new questions about online harassment with 74% of all respondents agreeing that online harassment is a serious problem in Aotearoa New Zealand. However, fewer people agreed that "women are more exposed to online harassment than men" (63% of female respondents and 57% of male respondents). Multiple UN reports have highlighted growing online violence and harassment against women and girls.
There were some positive trends with a slight increase in people who agreed that gender equality is a fundamental right (81% in 2023 compared to 79% in 2021, 79% in 2019). In addition, more people agreed that lessons about healthy relationships, including consent should be taught to all year groups including younger age groups. For example, 23% of respondents agree that lessons about healthy relationships, including consent should start with children in Years 0-6 compared to 13% in 2019.
While there was also an increase in people agreeing that gender diversity should be taught in schools/kura, the increase was mostly focused on older age groups. In addition, 21% agreed that no such information on gender diversity should be included in any years compared to 11% of respondents in 2019. This is despite the survey also finding there have been significant increases in acceptance of transgender men and women. For example, 74% agreed they would be comfortable with a transgender man being part of their immediate family compared to 65% in 2019 and 75% agreed they would be comfortable with a transgender woman being part of their immediate family compared to 63% in 2019. The level of acceptance of gay and bisexual men and lesbian and bisexual women has not shifted significantly, with 76% of all respondents agreeing they would be comfortable with a gay or bisexual man being part of their immediate family and 81% with a lesbian or bisexual woman being part of their immediate family. The Disinformation Project highlighted that harm and hate towards transgender and non-binary people in Aotearoa has increased this year, in their report Transgressive transitions; Transphobia, community building, and community bridging within Aotearoa New Zealand’s disinformation ecologies March-April 2023.
For the full results from the survey see the downloadable 2023 Gender Attitudes Survey report or the interactive Gender Attitudes Survey e-reporting tool. A recording of the event to launch the survey findings is also available.
National Council of Women New Zealand President Suzanne Manning said "This latest survey confirms that there is still a significant way to go before we can genuinely say that gender equality in Aotearoa New Zealand has been achieved."
The survey is designed to be a nationally representative sample of the New Zealand adult population. Gender Equal NZ works with Research NZ to conduct the surveys.
Related news
Update: UN Women has published a new discussion paper, Social norms, gender and development: A review of research and practice (2023). It presents findings from a scoping review of studies and evaluations of programmatic interventions to shift social norms, as well as insights from a broader body of evidence tracing how social change happens.
The Rainbow Violence Prevention Network with help from Rape Prevention Education has published Rainbow Best Practice Guidelines (2023). The guidelines are designed for frontline practitioners as a resource to upskill in working with Rainbow communities. Both the full guidelines and a summary are available.
Rainbow Health Australia published Pride in Prevention Partnership Guide: A guide for partnerships to support primary prevention of family violence experienced by LGBTIQ communities (2022). It has information for LGBTIQ practitioners and organisations and family violence prevention practitioners and organisations focused on primary prevention of family violence experienced by LGBTIQ communities. Also see their previous resource, Pride in Prevention: a guide to primary prevention of family violence experienced by LGBTIQ communities (2020) which outlines a new conceptual model for understanding LGBTIQ experiences of family violence, along with priority actions for primary prevention.
The United Nations Independent Expert on protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, Victor Madrigal-Borloz, published the report Protection against violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity (A/78/227) in July 2023. The report looks at the impact of colonialism in violence and discrimination based on SOGI (sexual orientation and gender identity) and makes recommendations for the United Nations system and Member States. Also see the short summary of the report.
UN Women, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have joined up to launch the RESPECT Women website. It is a new online platform with information to support concrete actions in policies and programmes to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls. It is based on the RESPECT framework which is based on human rights and gender equality principles. The Framework provides step-by-step guidance on how to design, implement, monitor and evaluate interventions and programmes on preventing violence against women. One of the 7 evidence-based strategies from the framework is focused on transformed attitudes, beliefs and norms.
UN Women published a new policy brief Doing violence prevention well: Matching aspirations with funding timeframes (2023). The brief outlines types of violence prevention activities that are appropriate based on the funding time frame and includes global examples. It identifies prevention activities that would be appropriate for funding that cover 1 year, 2 years, 3 to 5 years and above. It also lists funding and prevention practices that are not effective and should be avoided. The brief highlights that an effective community mobilisation approach to prevention requires 4 to 5 years of dedicated flexible funding. It goes on to say that "Short time frames and the political pressures to show quantifiable results are two of the biggest challenges currently facing the VAW field."
Australia-based Safe+Equal has created a new resource to support action against the drivers of family and gender-based violence, called Driving Change (2023). Based on the drivers of violence, the resource focuses practical and positive actions that everyone can take to end family and gender-based violence. It lists examples of what change can look like to address 4 key drivers of violence.
Related media
Preventing sexual violence is critical, no matter who's in government, The Press, 08.10.2023
Silence not a political option when it comes to family violence, The Press, 11.09.2023 (also see related comments from the National Network of Family Violence Services)
Working with men who use violence: Aotearoa research, resources and updates
Media and the recent Ministry of Social Development registration of interest for men’s behavior change has brought attention and discussion to programmes for men who use violence. We highlight key research, resources and updates from Aotearoa New Zealand.
Mana Tāne research project
The Mana Tāne research project was part of the Amokura Family Violence Prevention project, a Tai Tokerau iwi-led violence prevention strategy which ended in 2011. To explore how tāne Māori become violence free, Mana Tāne interviewed 20 tāne Māori who had been identified by wāhine Māori as ‘Safe Tāne Māori’. Tāne also needed to live in or whakapapa to Tai Tokerau and to have been exposed to violent environments. The report, A Mana Tāne Echo of Hope: dispelling the illusion of whānau violence (2009), shares findings from the project.
The report concluded that for these tāne, becoming safe had required two strategies. The first was replacing abusive thinking with non-abusive Māori values: “As Tāne Māori explored the messages within their own life stories, and those of their immediate and wider whanau networks regarding oranga whanau, a non-abusive Maori values base began to be established.” The second strategy was replacing abusive peers, practices and environments with supportive friends: “The characteristics of support people changed as significant change occurred, which prompted forsaking acquaintances and events still tied to violent abusive behaviours.”
Wāhine involved in the project also explored what Safe Tāne Māori means. They made 5 observations about Safe Tāne Māori:
“1. they are fallible, but can strengthen their resolve to change as they develop;
2. they demonstrate empathy and are comfortable with talking about their feelings;
3. they discovered better ways to deal with anger;
4. they were active participants in facilitating space for healing loved ones affected by abuse;
5. they accepted culpability for their actions and thinking.”
Family Violence Death Review Committee’s Sixth report
The New Zealand Family Violence Death Review Committee’s (FVDRC) Sixth report: Men who use violence | Te Pūrongo tuaono: Ngā tāne ka whakamahi i te whakarekereke (2020) looked at the lives of 97 men who used violence against their partners. They found missed opportunities to turn men away from their pattern of violence. The report reframes the understanding of men’s use of violence against women as holding “...the dignity and safety of women and children at the centre while also acknowledging the potential for men to change their behaviour.”
The report highlights “...the lack of resources and support for men who want to stop using violence,” while also warning that “It is important that our work with men does not reduce the resources available to support women and children.”
The report found that all of the men:
“...do have the capacity to move away from using violence (Table 8) when services:
• use strategies that recognise the relationship between structural and interpersonal violence
• focus on healthy masculine norms to promote behaviour change, responsibility and accountability
• reconnect men with positive forms of social support, including cultural reconnection and restoration
• engage wider organisation structures, families, whānau and communities in the change process
• set an expectation that men as fathers can make a positive (rather than violent) contribution to the family environment
• address negative health and social factors, such as poor housing, lack of employment, and drug and alcohol abuse, while acknowledging that where a man has no experience of these factors, it does not rule out the possibility that he will use violence.”
The FDVRC report highlighted the 0800 HEY BRO helpline as a promising initiative, writing that it aims to " '...de-escalate the situation, provide an empathetic ear and navigate them to a safer place. This service also helps to remove barriers to men who want help but don’t know how to approach help seeking on a face to face basis.' "
0800 HEY BRO (0800 439 276) is a 24/7 prevention helpline, for men who feel like they might harm themselves or someone else, as well as other mental health support. Wāhine, rangatahi and tamariki can also call the helpline. The team provides support during the call as well as wrap-around support as needed, including access to counselling and treatment to help men live without violence.
0800 HEY BRO was launched in 2018 by He Waka Tapu, a kaupapa Māori organisation operating in Ōtautahi (Christchurch), and now Hakatere (Ashburton) and Chatham and Pitt Islands. Founder of 0800 HEY BRO, Damien Petersen, recognised that the only support available to men was after they had hurt someone — there was no support to prevent the violence.
Ngai Tahu's Te Karaka Magazine highlighted 0800 HEY BRO's approach:
"Callers are supported in real time on the phone, as well as receiving in-depth support after that first call is completed. Programmes are put in place and tools are given to all callers – both tāne and wāhine – to navigate their relationships towards their own wellbeing. Jackie [Jackie Burrows, He Waka Tapu CEO] says this fits in with the broader kaupapa of He Waka Tapu – embedding preventative measures into our whānau and communities."
See the related media below for information about related programmes for men, such as the Seuga programme offered through Christchurch-based Aviva.
Related resources
He Ara Mataora is a website with information and tools to help people who want to stop violence without using state services such as police and courts, social workers or agencies. The website contains information about violence and responding to violence, stories from people responding to violence, and tools for people who have been harmed, people who are causing harm, and people who want to help to work out what to do, based on their situation and values.
Te Wānanga o Raukawa launched He Ara Mataora in 2018. Te Wānanga o Raukawa recognised the lack of options for people wanting to end violence without using the State’s criminal system, saying the negative impact of the State's criminal system “...makes our communities less safe, and makes it harder for people to get the support they need. … We need ways to respond to violence that strengthen our communities.”
Te Wānanga o Raukawa is a tikanga Māori tertiary education provider based in Ōtaki since 1981. He Ara Mataora project was started to support communities based on the Wānanga experience with Te Kawa o te Ako. Te Kawa o te Ako is an expression of the guiding kaupapa of Te Wānanga o Raukawa. Te Wānanga o Raukawa developed Te Kawa o te Ako to maximise the learning and teaching potential of their students and staff, and to prevent problems: “In particular, it aims to curb activity reducing the capacity to learn and teach.” He Ara Mataora is intended to help people develop their own strategies for responding to violence based on their situation and values.
Related news
The draft report, Uncover, Discover, Recover: The Peer-Led Journey to Redemption for Men Who Have Used Violence (2023), shares findings from an evaluation of the SafeMan, SafeFamily programme. The evaluation was funded by the Ministry of Social Development and completed by Point Research and Awa Associates.
The MSD Family Violence and Sexual Violence updates for July and June, highlighted new MSD website campaigns focused on men. To find out more about these campaigns contact MCP_Social_Action@msd.govt.nz.
Related media
Fathers Fono - The importance of culture within our families, Pacific Media Network, 06.11.2023
Workshop aims to reconnect Samoan fathers to fa'asamoa, Pacific Media Network, 24.08.2023
PFL Partner Series: Taeaomanino Trust, Pasifika Futures news, 17.08.2023
Tauawhi opens respite house for men, The Gisborne Herald, 12.08.2023
PFL Partner Series: Fono Faufautua Samoa, Pasfika Futures news, 11.08.2023
Barber launches app to tackle Pacific men's mental health issues, PMN News, 13.07.2023
She Is Not Your Rehab founders launch wellbeing app for men, One news, 27.06.2023
Working with men who use violence: new Australia, UK and US research
This story highlights recent research and resources informed by research from Australia, the UK and the USA. In our previous news story, Working with men who use violence Part 1, we focused on key Aotearoa New Zealand research and information.
Tool for practitioners to assess programmes for men and boys
The Working with Men and Boys for Social Justice Assessment Tool is an online tool for organisations and advocates to self-assess and improve their work with men and boys. This includes programmes focused on preventing men's violence against women, young men's relationships, fathering, men's health and wellbeing, and more.
The Tool is designed for leaders, designers and facilitators of programmes for men and boys to review and strengthen principles of gender and social justice in their programmes. It is based on research and practice in social justice, gender studies and the sociology of men and masculinities. It asks a series of questions related to principles that cover 4 areas:
- aims and focus
- scale and support
- teaching and learning
- evaluation and improvement.
The questions cover a range of issues including non-violence, masculinity, racism, patriarchy and more. It was designed by Australian researchers Amanda Keddie, Michael Flood, Shelley Hewson-Munro, Anna Halafoff and Maria Delaney and involved input from Our Watch, Safe and Equal, Dardi Munwurro, Jesuit Social Services and the Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies.
For more information about the tool, see the brief issues paper or watch the video overview of the tool. Also see related publications from the project team members:
- Reflexivity, ethics and accountability: facilitators working for gender transformation with boys and men (2023)
- Programmes for boys and men: possibilities for gender transformation (2022)
- Intersectionality and social justice in programs for boys and men (2022)
- Understanding and addressing gender-based violence: an Australian Indigenous approach (2021).
Update: The Working Together With Men model from Australia, is an approach that engages men in forms of allyship to co-create small scale projects with those most impacted by gender-based violence. Working Together With Men 2.0 — Tools and templates for accountability and action was published in December 2023.
Review of global research on perpetrators
The report, Who uses domestic, family, and sexual violence, how, and why? The State of Knowledge Report on Violence Perpetration (2022), was written by Australian researchers Michael Flood, Chay Brown, Lula Dembele and Kirsti Mills. It reviews current Australian and global data and research.
The authors highlight that "Most [domestic, family and sexual violence] perpetration happens without ever coming to the attention of police or legal systems." While they call for police and legal responses to be safe and accountable, they also write "...the focus and investment of efforts to reduce and prevent perpetration, hold perpetrators accountable, and provide justice for victim-survivors must fall outside these systems to have lasting effects."
They call for systemic and cultural change to lessen the risks of violence, writing "Prevention and response efforts should include attention to the personal and systemic changes that will encourage desistance from and the cessation of violence perpetration." The report explores risk and protective factors, and makes recommendations for future research. For an overview of the report, see The Conversation article by the report authors, Who is perpetrating domestic, sexual and family violence?
Research methods
Researchers from the UK reflected on the challenges and ethics in conducting research interviews with men who have used violence. In their article, Researching Men's Violence Against Women as Feminist Women Researchers: The Tensions We Face (2023), the authors, Sandi Dheensa, Karen Morgan, Beverly Love and Helen Cramer, reflected on their research work with 2 studies of domestic violence perpetrators programmes that involved interviewing men as they entered, participated in and exited the programmes. The authors reflect on several challenges including: building rapport without colluding with the men, finding ways to talk about violence without alienating the men, personal safety, over-investing in change for the men and responding with additional support to men's disclosures of trauma. The author's discussion also includes some reflections on how their personal gender and ethnic identities intersect with these challenges.
For related information see the one of the author's blog posts, Why doing research with domestic abuse perpetrators is challenging (2023) and the article, Methodological Challenges in Group-based Randomised Controlled Trials for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators: A Meta-summary (2023).
Research on digital interventions
Recent research from Australia highlights that digital interventions can provide “...a safe, private space for men to reflect on their behavior and the consequences of their use of violence” but the lack of interpersonal interaction can pose challenges in balancing accountability with non-judgmental, compassionate engagement. The authors of “Help Me Realize What I’m Becoming”: Men’s Views on Digital Interventions as a Way to Promote Early Help-Seeking for Use of Violence in Relationships (2023) write:
“Thus, a website or app—like a MBCP [men’s behaviour change programme] —would need to tread a fine line between holding men accountable for their behavior and emphasizing the negative consequences for themselves and their families, whilst also avoiding making men feel that they were inherently “bad” and cannot change. This is challenging to achieve without the feedback and interaction typically available in a MBCP or a one-on-one counseling session.”
And they go on to say:
“It is important to remember that the context we propose for a digital intervention is early engagement; the aim is not to provide therapeutic support or to replace programs such as MBCPs or one-on-one counseling. The balance of accountability versus hope for change therefore needs to be informed by the end-goal of encouraging a man to seek help for his use of violence.”
Rosanna Bellini and Nicole Westmarland have researched the use of video-conferencing and other forms of digital based interventions with men using violence. Their article, “We adapted because we had to”: how domestic violence perpetrator programmes adapted to work under COVID-19 in the UK, the USA and Australia (2023), shares findings from interviews with people working with perpetrators of intimate partner violence and related non-government organisations. Practitioners reported an increase in using digital services to replace in-person work. Practitioners also talked about how this shifted the group dynamic and created challenges to ensuring safety for victims and privacy for perpetrators. The authors discuss the need to integrate safety support services for victims when offering digitally-based interventions for perpetrators.
Bellini and Westmarland have also published A problem solved is a problem created: the opportunities and challenges associated with an online domestic violence perpetrator programme (2021). This research looked at a pilot online court mandated programme for men who were perpetrators of domestic violence based in the US. The programme took place before the COVID pandemic and involved video-conferencing online. While the remote programme created opportunities such as reaching rural men, the authors identified a number of challenges unique the online format including the need to adapt group facilitation styles, additional risks to personal safety for facilitators and ensuring safety for victims especially the challenge of partnering with victim-survivor services when participants and victims might be geographically spread. See the preliminary findings from this research in the authors' earlier report Initial lessons learned from using video conferencing software to deliver interventions for men using violence in intimate relationships (2020). Find more reflections and resources related to service delivery adaption from the pandemic in our COVID-19 Information for specialist family violence and sexual violence services.
Update: Also see the related reports from Australia-based Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre 'Just opens up a whole new possibility of change': A review of the Men's Exploring New Directions online program (2023) and “You can’t just … add a bit of rainbow dust”: A review of the Clear Space online family violence behavioural change program for GBTQ+ men and non-binary people (2023).
Aotearoa New Zealand research
For Aotearoa New Zealand research see our recent news story, Working with men who use violence Part 1: Aotearoa research, resources and updates. For more information search our library by the perpetrators/offenders quick topic search or see our Issues Paper: Responding to perpetrators of family violence (2016).
Related media
What it's like to learn someone you care about is violent [Australia], ABC, 07.08.2023
Barber launches app to tackle Pacific men's mental health issues, PMN News, 13.07.2023
She Is Not Your Rehab founders launch wellbeing app for men, One news, 27.06.2023
De-radicalising from the 'manosphere', ABC Podcast [Australia], 17.03.2023
Ram Raid Offending and Related Measures Amendment Bill
Introduced in August 2023, the purpose of the Ram Raid Offending and Related Measures Amendment Bill is to "...to reduce youth-dominated offending by increasing accountability for those who engage in the criminal behaviour covered by the bill."
The call for submissions gives an overview of the proposed changes. The bill proposes to change legislation to:
- specifically criminalise ram raiding, the new offence would carry a maximum penalty of 10 years’ imprisonment
- allow the taking of bodily samples from 12 and 13 year olds who are before the Youth Court for a ram raiding offence
- allow 12 and 13 year olds to be prosecuted for a ram raid offence in the Youth Court without being a previous offender
- add a factor for the Youth Court to consider where a young person is being sentenced for offending, if the young person livestreamed the offending, posted a copy of the livestreaming online, or distributed a copy of the livestreaming by means of a digital communication
- add an aggravating factor for sentencing for an adult who aids, abets, incites, counsels, or procures any child or young person to commit any offence
- add an aggravating factor for sentencing for a person who livestreamed the offending, posted a copy of the livestreaming online, or distributed a copy by means of a digital communication.
The Ministry of Justice disclosure statement on the bill raises some issues with the proposed legislation stating:
"The changes in this Bill for child are counter to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Children position that the minimum age of criminal responsibility should be at least 14 years old.
There are also other applicable international obligations such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. These proposals may raise issues about our alignment with these conventions, particularly as they are likely to disproportionately affect Māori and disabled children and young people."
The disclosure statement also noted:
"Under the active protection and partnership principles, there is a strong te Tiriti o Waitangi based argument that Māori should be consulted. Although there was no consultation with Māori on the proposals in the Bill due to time constraints, officials analysed the proposals in this Bill against the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi and the Crown’s Treaty obligations.
Officials have identified strong Māori interests in some of the proposals, particularly those which target youth offending, and the broadening of provisions allowing for DNA sampling of children (discussed at parts 3.5 and 3.5.1 below) as this whakapapa information has significance in te ao Māori. Māori are likely to be disproportionately affected by the proposals."
The disclosure statement also noted there may be issues with privacy laws for children and young people.
The Attorney-General's report on the bill also raises concerns stating:
"I have considered this Bill for consistency with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (Bill of Rights Act). I conclude it appears to be inconsistent with the right of a child, in determination of a charge, to be dealt with in a manner that takes account of the child’s age (section 25(i)), the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure (section 21), and the right to freedom of expression (section 14)."
The Attorney-General discusses the minimum age of criminal responsibility including international standards and calls from the United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child. The report also highlights:
"The evidence indicates formal criminal justice involvement is often associated with adverse consequences for the child and society, in particular by potentially increasing chances of reoffending. On the other hand, children have greater capacity for rehabilitation, and this is reflected in the relevant articles of both the ICCPR and UNCROC which stress responses to child offending that promote rehabilitation, reintegration and avoidance of judicial proceedings. These materials indicate early contact with the criminal justice system should be avoided."
For more information about the Government's work programme related to young people who offend, see the Beehive media releases:
- System shake-up to tackle youth and gang crime
- Youth Justice system to be strengthened
- New offence for ram raiding, young offenders to face more accountability
- New intensive turnaround programme launched to break the cycle of offending.
Responses to the proposed legislation
In response to the Government's announcements on youth justice and young offenders:
Chief Children’s Commissioner Judge Frances Eivers, said
"These announcements have signalled the Government’s intent in very broad strokes. As an advocate for children’s rights and welfare, we cannot condone law changes that seek to incarcerate children when the emphasis should be on looking at the causes of the offending with a view to eliminating it in the future."
Amnesty International is calling for the Government to raise the minimum age of criminal responsibility from 10 to at least 14 years old in general, saying:
“Today’s announcement flies in the face of human rights and ignores the evidence that punitive approaches don’t work to reduce youth offending. Just last night, the United Nations Committee Against Torture asked the NZ Government what steps it was taking to raise the age of criminal responsibility in line with international best standards, which would be at least 14 years old. Instead, the Government is giving up on its commitment to children’s rights by introducing a new offence that could criminalise 12- and 13-year-olds.”
Amnesty International Aotearoa New Zealand, JustSpeak and People Against Prisons Aotearoa also issued a joint media release writing they "...are deeply disappointed by the changes that have been announced. We are calling on the Government to commit to transformational change by the number of youth justice residences and ensuring community based rehabilitation is prioritised for young people."
See further responses in the media below.
Related news
The Paediatric Society of New Zealand and Amnesty International are calling for the age of criminal responsibility in Aotearoa New Zealand to be raised, noting that currently 10 and 11-year-olds can face life sentences.
In their Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of New Zealand (2023), the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child noted they were seriously concerned that "The minimum age of criminal responsibility is below international standards and is offence-based rather than child-centred" and "Māori children remain disproportionately represented in the youth justice system and are overrepresented among young people who die by suicide in closed institutions" (see paragraph 42).
In their recent Concluding observations on the seventh periodic report of New Zealand, the United Nations Committee against Torture raised the same concerns about the minimum age of criminal responsibility and the disproportionately high numbers of Māori children in the juvenile justice system (see paragraph 37d). The report specifically recommended the State should (paragraph 38):
(a) Raise the minimum age of criminal responsibility, in accordance with international standards;
(b) Repeal the practice of remanding children into police custody and reduce the proportion of children in secure youth justice residences who are on remand, including by investing in the development of community-based residences and strengthening the availability and use of non-custodial measures;
(c) Actively promote non-judicial measures, such as diversion, mediation and counselling, for children accused of criminal offences and, wherever possible, the use of non-custodial sentences, such as probation or community service;
(d) Ensure that all children have access to mandatory legal assistance from the outset of their deprivation of liberty and that they are never interrogated without the presence of a lawyer;
(e) Ensure that detention conditions comply with international standards, including with regard to access to education and health services, and, for pretrial detention, that detention is reviewed on a regular basis with a view to its withdrawal;
(f) Take all measures necessary to reduce the incarceration rate of Māori children and ensure that their detention undergoes regular judicial review;
(g) Explicitly prohibit the use of force, including physical restraints, and of pepper spray and spit hoods against children under supervision and promptly investigate all cases of abuse and ill-treatment of children in detention and adequately sanction the perpetrators;
(h) Immediately end the practice of solitary confinement for children in detention, including informal solitary confinement;
(i) Provide children in conflict with the law with information about their rights, ensure that they have access to effective, independent, confidential and accessible complaint mechanisms and legal aid and protect complainants from any risk of reprisals.
See further commentary on the UN reports in the related media below.
Submissions are also open on the Electoral (Lowering Voting Age for Local Elections and Polls) Legislation Bill. This bill would allow young people 16 or 17 years old to be eligible to vote in local elections and polls. It would not change the voting age for parliamentary elections. The bill would establish a new category of electors, named youth electors, and provide for 16-year-olds and 17-year-olds to be registered on a youth electoral roll. Submissions are due 20 October 2023.
The Office of the Privacy Commissioner is asking for feedback on whether the current laws and regulations protecting children’s privacy rights are working, today and in the future. The project is initially only seeking feedback from professionals who work with children and non-government organisations who advocate for children and young people. The Office plans to ask for feedback in early 2024 "...from tamariki/children and rangatahi/young people, as well as whānau and the wider community. For tamariki and rangatahi, we will be engaging via iwi." Feedback is due by 30 November 2023. Update: The final report from the project, Safeguarding children and young people’s privacy in New Zealand, was published in April 2024. See the Privacy Commissioner's media release New Survey Shows We All Need To Sharpen Up About Privacy Risks For Kids.
Related media
Law Society sounds warning over proposed ram raid legislation, Law Society News, 14.03.2024
Teen offenders: ‘We are your future – whether we’re in jail or not’, Newsroom, 13.03.2024
Teens beg MPs to stop ram raid bill as committee hears opposition, NZ Herald, 12.03.2024
Putting the boot in, Newsroom, 10.03.2024
Boot camps whole new thing says Chhuor, Waatea News, 08.03.2024
Under fire Oranga Tamariki to oversee “beneficial” boot camps, Waatea News, 06.03.2024
'Military-style academy' for young offenders to be running by mid-year, RNZ, 06.03.2024
First boot camp for young offenders to be running by mid-year, Minister says, RNZ, 05.03.2024
Govt cracking down on serious youth offending, Beehive media release, 05.03.2024
Proposed ram raid law 'leads nowhere good', Children's Commissioner says, RNZ, 26.10.2023
Ram Raid Offending and Related Measures Amendment Bill Judge Frances Eivers, Waatea News, 26.10.2023
The Ram Raid Bill w/ Lisa McLaren October 24, 2023, b95fm, 24.10.2023
Ram raid plea: Don’t throw more children into crowded youth justice homes, Newsroom, 19.10.2023
Youth justice programme expands to break cycle of offending, Beehive media release, 03.10.2023
Youth crime isn't more common, it's just more visible, RE:news, 26.09.2023
Govt forges ahead with legislation despite breaching Kiwis' fundamental rights, Newshub, 30.08.2023
Judge Frances Eivers: Let’s save one child at a time, E-Tangata, 06.08.2023

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